Solitary fibrous tumour of the kidney: A case report

A solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is an unusual spindle cell neoplasm that usually occurs in the pleura but has recently been described in diverse extrapleural sites. Urogenital localisation is rare, and to our knowledge, only 82 cases of SFT of the kidney have been described. Although SFT of the kidney is extremely rare, this tumour must be included in the differential diagnosis, whenever a renal tumour consisting of mesenchymal elements is encountered. We report a case of a large SFT of the left kidney which was clinically and radiologically thought to be a renal cell carcinoma, and a final diagnosis was made after immunohistochemical study.

Immunohistochemical Study of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Medial Collateral Ligament Epiligament in Rat Knee after Grade III Injury.

Background: In the present study, we conduct an immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the epiligament (EL) after grade III injury of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in an experimental model of a rat knee. Methods: Twelve 8-month old male Wistar rats were used in this study. Three animals were used as controls, while the remaining nine underwent grade III injury of the MCL. The MMP-9 immunoreactivity was evaluated on the 8th, 16th and 30th day after injury. Results: We observed an intensive expression of the enzyme in all periods after injury in contrast with the control group. We also discovered that the main source of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was localized in the epiligament tissue. Immunoreactivity was highest and homogeneously distributed on the 8th day and gradually diminished, concentrating on the EL-ligament border and the perivascular zones on the 30th day. Conclusion: We present the first immunohistochemical study of the expression and distribution of the enzyme MMP-9 in the EL of the MCL and track the changes in enzyme activity on the 8th, 16th and 30th day after damage.

Effects of sildenafil on dental pulp: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evaluation / Efectos de sildenafil en la pulpa dental: evaluación inmunohistoquímica y ultraestructural

Sildenafil is a strong peripheral vasodilator and is used to treat cardiovascular and neurosurgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural effects of sildenafil on dental pulp of rats. The study was performed with adult female Wistar-Albino rats. Control group (n= 7) were fed on standard laboratory diet until surgery. The study group (n= 7) were administered sildenafil orally with orogastric tube 10 mg·kg-1 once a day for 30 days. Each rat was anesthetized and incisor teeth were removed. This study examined the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural effects of sildenafil on the dental pulp in rats. The relaxation from the vessel, endothelial cell hyperplasia, moderate degeneration of collagen fibers were observed to cause degenerative changes in odontoblast with sildenafil. In the pulp tissue long-term use sildenafil is thought to cause degeneration and new vessel formation.

El sildenafil es un vasodilatador periférico importante y se utiliza para tratar enfermedades cardiovasculares y en neurocirugía. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar los efectos inmunohistoquímicos y ultraestructurales del sildenafil sobre la pulpa dental de ratas. El estudio se realizó con ratas Wistar albinas, hembras adultas. El grupo de control (n= 7) fue alimentado con una dieta estándar de laboratorio hasta que se realizó la cirugía. El grupo de estudio (n= 7) fue tratado con sildenafil por vía oral y sonda orogástrica 10 mg·kg-1 una vez al día durante 30 días. Cada rata fue anestesiada y se extrajeron los dientes incisivos. Se examinaron los efectos inmunohistoquímicos y ultraestructurales del sildenafil sobre la pulpa dentaria. Con la administración de sildenafil se observó la relajación de los vasos, la hiperplasia de las células endoteliales y una degeneración moderada de fibras colágenas causando cambios degenerativos en los odontoblastos. En el tejido pulpar, el uso de sildenafil a largo plazo puede causar la degeneración y neoformación de vasos.

Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma in Mandible / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), previously known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma, occurs commonly in the soft tissues in adult, but is rare in the maxillofacial region. It consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal tumor cells resembling histiocytes and fibroblasts. The purpose of this article is to report a case of UPS in the mandible. A 44-year-old patient presented with a painful growing mass in the mandible of two months' duration. Computed tomography and positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed an ill-defined heterogenous, hypermetabolic mass about 4 cm in size in the left mandible invading adjacent soft tissues. A left mandiblulectomy and reconstruction with a fibular free flap were performed. Immunohistochemical study gave a diagnosis of UPS. The patient was referred for adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical removal of the tumor.

Differences in Antigen-presenting Cells between Normal and Systemic Contact Dermatitis Skin due to Rhus Lacquer / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Urushiol is a widely known potent allergen that causes severe contact dermatitis through the epidermis or blood vessels. The role of antigen presenting cells (APC) in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is well known, but the role of APC in systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) is not yet fully evaluated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to observe the changes of APC in thenormal and SCD skin and to discuss their possible roles in the disease process. METHODS: Immunohistochemical differences of the Langerhans cells (LC) and dermal dendritic cells (DDC) were investigated in cases of the normal and SCD skin (Ed note: keep uniformity as above). Immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD1a, S-100 protein, HLA-DR, and factor XIIIa antibodies were performed. The number of CD1a, S-100 protein, and HLA-DR positive cells per mm2 of the epidermis was counted. The number of HLA-DR and Factor XIIIa-positive DDC per mm2 was also evaluated. RESULTS: The LC positive for CD1a and S-100 in the epidermis were slightly higher in SCD, but their difference was not statistically significant. HLA-DR and Factor XIIIa-positive DDC in the dermis weresignificantly increased in the skin of SCD than normal. HLA-DR positive LC in the epidermis was also increased. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that DDC plays a more important role than that of epidermal LC in urushiol-induced SCD. Increased HLA-DR-positive LC in the epidermis suggests that antigen delivery through the blood also affects the epidermal Langerhans cell beside the dermal dendritic cells.

Comparison of Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Features between Localized and Diffuse Types of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor / 대한정형외과연구학회지

PURPOSE: Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TSGCT) can be classified into localized and diffuse types. To identify reliable diagnostic markers for these tumors, we compared clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features in localized and diffuse type TSGCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were perfomed. Thirty cases which had been histologically diagnosed as TSGCT after surgery, at our hospital from 2000 to 2012, were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for gender, age, site, recurrence, symptom (p>0.05). Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), CD68, and Ki67 expression was identified in localized and diffuse type TSGCT. But there was no statistically significant difference between the groups for MCSF, CD68, and Ki67 expression (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that although the markers MCSF, CD68, and Ki67 are expressed by localized and diffuse type TSGCT, their lack of specificity limits their use as a subsidiary immunohistochemical marker in the differential diagnosis of localized and diffuse type TSGCTs.

A Case of Localized Merkel Cell Carcinoma on the Upper Eyelid

PURPOSE: To report a case of Merkel cell carcinoma on the left upper eyelid without metastasis and its immunohistochemical features. The carcinoma was successfully treated with excisional surgery and prophylactic radiation therapy. CASE SUMMARY: A 76-year-old woman presented to the hospital complaining of a 0.6 x 0.9-cm-sized painless and purplish-red colored mass that had grown rapidly on her left upper eyelid margin over the previous two months. An excisional biopsy was performed. On immunohistochemical examination of the lesion, the tumor cells expressed immunoreactivity for synaptophysin and were negative for LAC and cytokeratin, confirming the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma. Additional surgery was performed because the surgical margins were positive. No other primary or metastatic lesions were found. The patient was treated with local prophylactic irradiation and remained disease-free at her 10-month follow-up visit.

Histopathological subtypes of medulloblastoma according to WHO classification (2007): An 8-year retrospective study.

Objective: To provide histopathological subtypes of medulloblastomas (according to 2007 WHO Classification of tumors of the central nervous system) that were previously diagnosed during 1998 to 2005 in Siriraj Hospital, and to characterize the immunophenotypic patterns of medulloblastomas in correlation with these subtypes. Methods: All diagnosed medulloblastomas collected during 1998 to 2005 in the Department of Pathology, Siriraj Hospital were reviewed and classified according to WHO classification (2007) by H&E staining. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemical studies, including synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament, and Ki-67 to characterize the immunophenotypical patterns of medulloblastoma correlated with morphological variants. Statistic analyses were Tukey HSD, Mann-Whitney test, and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Of 41 medulloblastomas, 32 cases were classic type (78.05%), 6 cases were large cell/anaplastic variant (14.63%), and 3 cases were desmoplastic variant (7.32%). This study showed significantly increased Ki-67 indices in the large cell/anaplastic variant compared to either classic medulloblastoma or desmoplastic/nodular variant (p <0.05). There is no statistical difference in immunophenotypes of synaptophysin, GFAP, or neurofilament between each subtype. Conclusion: According to 2007 WHO classification of tumor of the central nervous system 2007, in our study, the majority was medulloblastoma classic type, followed by large cell/anaplastic and desmoplastic/nodular variants, respectively. Statistical significance of Ki-67 indices suggests its applicable adjuvant diagnostic tool to distinguish the large cell/anaplastic variant from others.

Blood-Brain Barrier Experiments with Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and an Immunohistochemical Study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of study was to evaluate the feasibility of brain magnetic resonance (MR) images of the rat obtained using a 1.5T MR machine in several blood-brain barrier (BBB) experiments. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. MR images were obtained using a clinical 1.5T MR machine. A microcatheter was introduced via the femoral artery to the carotid artery. Normal saline (group 1, n = 4), clotted autologous blood (group 2, n = 4), triolein emulsion (group 3, n = 4), and oleic acid emulsion (group 4, n = 4) were infused into the carotid artery through a microcatheter. Conventional and diffusion-weighted images, the apparent coefficient map, perfusion-weighted images, and contrast-enhanced MR images were obtained. Brain tissue was obtained and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was performed in group 2. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran images and endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) studies were performed in group 4. RESULTS: The MR images in group 1 were of good quality. The MR images in group 2 revealed typical findings of acute cerebral infarction. Perfusion defects were noted on the perfusion-weighted images. The MR images in group 3 showed vasogenic edema and contrast enhancement, representing vascular damage. The rats in group 4 had vasogenic edema on the MR images and leakage of dextran on the FITC-labeled dextran image, representing increased vascular permeability. The immune reaction was decreased on the EBA study. CONCLUSION: Clinical 1.5T MR images using a rat depicted many informative results in the present study. These results can be used in further researches of the BBB using combined clinical MR machines and immunohistochemical examinations.

Benign and malignant myoepitheliomas in salivary gland: cases report and immunohistochemical study

Immunohistochemical Assessment of Peripheral Squamous Lung Cancer: Comparison to Central Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Peripheral Adenocarcinoma

PURPOSE: Incidence of peripheral squamous cell carcinoma (pSCCs) of the lung has increased over recent years, but the immunohistochemical factors involved in pSCCs have not been well established. The aim of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical differences between pSCCs and central-type SCCs (cSCCs), and similarities between pSCCs and peripheral adenocarcinomas (pADCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we investigated the expression of three potential prognostic factors (p53, Ki-67, t-CEA), and two potential therapeutic targets (epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], and c-erbB-2) in 263 surgically resected cases of primary SCC and pADCs of the lung from January 2001 to July 2008. We divided the SCCs between peripheral and central types, and compared the expression rates of markers between pSCCs and cSCCs, and between pSCCs and pADCs. RESULTS: In this study, there were 149 pADC cases, and among the 114 SCC cases, there were 41 pSCCs (36.0%). There were significantly higher expression rates of Ki-67 and EGFR in pSCCs than in cSCCs or pADCs (p=0.003, p=0.039, respectively). CONCLUSION: We found immunohistochemical differencies in pSCCs from cSCCs and pADCs.

A Case of Median Raphe Cyst on the Scrotum with Atypical Histologic Features / 대한피부과학회지

Median raphe cyst is an uncommon condition occuring on the ventral median raphe from the glans penis to the anus and represents a defect in the embryologic development of the male genitalia. The cyst wall may derive from endoderm, ectoderm, or mucous glands which are a normal constitute of the male urethra. It is classified as either a dermoid cyst lined by stratified squamous epithelium of ectodermal origin or a mucous cyst lined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium of endodermal origin. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. We report a case of an 11-year old boy with three median raphe cysts of the scrotum. The epithelial lining of the cysts was mainly composed of pseudostratified columnar cells with decapitation secretion and focally showed stratified squamous cells and a transitional zone of two types of cells. Immunohistochemically, pseudostratified columnar cells showed CK 7 and CK 13 positivity, but were negative for CK 20. Besides, stratified squamous cells were negative for CK 7, CK 13 and CK 20. We report a rare case of median raphe cyst that is a combined type of dermoid cyst and mucous cyst.

Expression of Ki-67, p27 and Laminin in Actinic Keratosis, Bowen's Disease, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: In many cases, the distinction between actinic keratosis (AK), Bowen's disease (BD), and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is not histologically clear. Tumor cells crossing the basement membrane was traditionally the boundary between AK and invasive SCC. However, this criteria may not be practical in day-to-day clinical situations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression patterns and labeling index of the immunohistochemical staining of Ki-67, p27 and laminin in AK, BD and SCC, to ascertain whether differential expression patterns of Ki-67, p27 and laminin exist. METHOD: Seventeen cases of AK, 19 cases of BD and 16 cases of SCC were investigated. We performed immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67, p27 and laminin. The patterns of positive nuclear staining were noted as either marginal (positive nuclear staining in the basal and parabasal layers but sparing the granular zone) or diffuse (positive nuclear staining in the majority of cells throughout the full thickness of the epithelium or tumor aggregates) and scattered (positive nuclear staining of cells in the focal area of the tumor aggregates). RESULTS: For Ki-67, a marginal pattern of positive nuclear staining was found in the basal/parabasal cell layer of normal epidermis. In AK, Ki-67-stained nuclei were found in the basal/parabasal cell layers (marginal pattern), and the labeling index was 24.5%. In BD, Ki-67-stained nuclei were found throughout the full thickness of the atypical epidermis (diffuse pattern), and the labeling index was 70.5%. The invasive aggregates of SCC had a complex pattern of staining for Ki-67, being diffuse and scattered, and the labeling index was 43.5%. The p27 labeling index in AK, BD and SCC was 86.5%, 91.5% and 67.5%, respectively. The p27 labeling index was significantly decreased in invasive SCC, when compared with those of AK and BD. Laminin was stained strongly and continuously along the basement membrane of the epidermis and vessel walls of normal epidermis, AK and BD. In SCC, laminin was stained along the basement membrane of the tumor nest in well differentiated SCC, and weakly and interrupted in poorly differentiated SCC. CONCLUSION: There results show that the staining pattern of Ki-67 is helpful to differentiate BD (diffuse pattern throught the full thickness of atypical epidermis) from AK (marginal pattern affecting the basal and parabasal layers) and SCC (diffuse and scattered within the atypical aggregate), and increased Ki-67 labeling index is helpful to differentiate BD from AK and SCC. A reduced p27 labeling index is helpful to differentiate SCC from AK and BD. However, the staining pattern of laminin did not seem to be helpful in differentiating these diseases.

Immunohistochemical study of odontogenic keratocyst

Study on expression of glycosaminoglycan in adenoid cystic carcinoma

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is malignant tumor in salivary gland, and its behavior is very invasive. Of all malignant tumor adenoid cystic carcinoma is occured in frequency of 4.4% in major salivary gland, and 1.29% in minor salivary gland. Histopathologically, adenoid cystic carcinoma is characterized by a cribriform appearance, and tubular form and solid nest type tumor can be seen. The tumor cell structure composed of modified myoepithelial cell, and basaloid cell. Extracellular matrix of this tumor cell contains variable ground substance with basement membrane component. Basement membrane matrix composed of collagen fibers, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and its function is well known that it participate in differentiation, proliferation, and growth of tumor cell. Basement membrane molecule is essential for invasion of peripheral nerve, blood vessel, skeletal muscle in tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma. In many studies, the tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma containing modified myoepithelial cell participate in synthesis of proteoglycan. In this study, tissue sample of adenoid cystic carcinoma of human salivary gland were obtained from 15 surgical specimen, and all specimen were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and embedded. Serial 4-micrometer thick sections were cut from paraffin blocks. the histopathologic evaluation was done with light microscopy. And, the immunohistochemical staining, characteristics of glycosaminoglycan were observed. For biochemical analysis of glycosaminoglycan, isolation of crude glycosaminoglycan from tumor tissue and Western bolt analysis were carried out. With transmission electomicroscopy, tumor cell were observed. Biologic behavior of adenoid cystic carcinoma was observed with distribution and expression of basement membrane of glycosaminoglycan in tumor cells, The results obtained were as follows: 1. In immunohistochemical study, chondroitin sulfate is postively stained in tumor cell and interstitial space, dermatan sulfate is weakly stained in ductal cell. But keratan sulfate is negatively stained. 2. In immunohistochemical study, heparan sulfate is strong positive stained in tumor cell and basement membrane, especially in invasion area to peripheral nerve tissue. 3. In transmission electromicroscpic view, the tumor cells are composed modifed myoepithelial cells, and contains many microvilli and rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. In Western blot analysis, the expression of glycosaminoglycan is expressed mostly in heparan sulfate. From the results obtained in this study, tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma is composed modified myoepithelial cell, and glycosaminoglycan of basement membrane molecule of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate mostly participate in the development and invasiveness of adenoid cystic carcinoma by immunohistochemical study and western blot analysis.

Classification and Clinical Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Immunohistochemical Expression of CD117, CD34, alpha- Smooth Muscle Actin, S-100

PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent a distinct and the most important subset of, mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract. Stromal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract have long been a source of confusion and controversy, with regard to their classification, differentiation, criteria of malignancy and prognostic features. METHODS: The 26 case studies of patients treated for a Gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor, including leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas and GISTs, between 1994 and 2002 at Keimyung University Hospital, were evaluated retrospectively. The cases were confirmed as leiomyomas, schwannomas, or GISTs by pathological re-examination. 20 of the cases were diagnosed as GISTs, from the pathological examination, and were chosen for the evaluation of their clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, using CD34, CD117, alpha-SMA and S-100 done. RESULTS: The new diagnoses of the mesenchymal tumors were a leiomyoma in 3 cases, a schwannoma in 3 and gastric stromal tumors in all 20. The immunohistochemical studies were positive for CD117 and CD34 in 95 and 75% of the gastric stromal tumors, respectively. The histopathological findings showed 5 benign tumors, 3 borderline tumors, and 12 malignant tumors in the 20 patients. CONCLUSION: The immunohistochemical marker (CD117) for KIT is a specific marker for GISTs among the tumors occurring in the stomach, and can be used to distinguish GISTs from true leiomyomas and gastric schwannomas. We also found that severe cellularity, atypism, intratumoral hemorrhage and necrosis, large size and a high mitotic count correlate with malignant behaviour and a poor prognosis.

Immunohistochemical Study of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Salivary Glands / 대한해부학회지

Recent studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) exerts various effects on aspects of tumor biology, including angiogenesis and metastasis. There have been, however, scanty reports on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) response for tumors of the head and neck. This study was carried out to assess the distribution of both endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) in normal salivary gland tissue and in pleomorphic adenoma by using immunohistochemistry. In the present study, eNOS and iNOS were higher expressed in pleomorphic adenoma than adjacent normal salivary gland tissue, suggesting that up-regulation of this enzyme is associated with tumor progression. Additionally, eNOS and iNOS expression were higher in epithelial components than in mesenchymal components. Overall, iNOS expression was higher than eNOS expression in pleomorphic adenoma. In normal tissues adjacent to pleomorphic adenoma, iNOS expression was higher in the mesenchymal type than in the epithelial type of pleomorphic adenoma. It is suggested that NO may play a role in the tumorgenesis and propagation of pleomorphic adenoma.

Differentiation and proliferation of ameloblastic carcinoma : immunohistochemical study using Ki-67, CK-LM and CK-HM antibody

Immunohistochemical Study of KAI1, a Tumor Metastasis Suppressor Gene, Expression in Rectal Cancer

PURPOSE: KAI1/CD82 gene is a recently identified metastasis suppressor gene on human chromosome 11p11.2. Alteration to or reduction of this molecule may allow tumor cells to invade the surrounding tissue and blood vessels. Decreased KAI1 expression seems to be involved in the progression of human prostate, lung and possibly breast cancer, and recently has been demonstrated in several colorectal cell lines. The aim of this study is to determine whether the gene is altered to investigate it in the progression and metastatic process of rectal carcinoma. In addition, its prognostic significance is also evaluated. METHODS: Total 108 tumor samples from primary, metastatic rectal carcinoma were prepared for immunohistochemical study with an anti-KAI1 polyclonal antibody. To analysis the correlation between KAI1 expression and clinicopathological parameter and to evaluate for relation expression and survival. RESULTS: Decrease of KAI1 protein expression was associated with the depth of invasion of tumor (P < 0.0001) and node metastasis (P < 0.05). Liver metastasis showed reduced KAI1 expression when compared with their corresponding primary tumor. Although there was a trend for deteriorating survival from patients with KAI1-positive tumors to those with KAI1-decreased and -negative tumors, it was not significant statistically (P

Idiopathic Hypertrophic Spinal Pachymeningitis: A Case Report

Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IHP) is a rare, chronic nonspecific and granulomatous inflammatory disorder of the dura with unknown etiology. The diagnosis can be established by open biopsy and exclusion of all other specific granulomatous and infectious diseases. We report a typical case of spinal IHP occurring in a long segment of cervical and thoracic dura from C6 to T8. The patient was 56-yr-old female, who had been suffered from pain on her upper back and both arms for 3 months and recent onset motor weakness of both legs. During the 9 months of follow-up period, she experienced the improvement of her neurologic symptoms with combined therapy of partial excision and corticosteroid medication. Since early surgical intervention and subsequent pulse ste-roid therapy are mandatory for this disease to avoid irreversible damage of nervous system, the identification of this unique disease entity is essential on frozen diagnosis. A few cases have been reported in Korean literature.